NOTES



This page provides some important notes about Civil Engineering topics. We hope that, this site will be very useful for your studies. Any inquiry or doubts about a subject click Here.

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Dewatering Methods - Groundwater Control

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Groundwater Control When rainwater collects in surface depressions, it is called surface water; when it percolates down into the permeable subsoil and collects in tiny soil voids, it is called groundwater; the upper surface of the groundwater is called the water table. Following some problems of water in the subsoil effect the construction work: A high water table could cause flooding during wet periods. Subsoil water can cause problems during excavation work by its natural tendency to flow into the voids create by the excavation activities. It can cause an unacceptable humidity level around finished buildings and structures. Civil engineers are must restrict the major problems of ground water and keep the excavation to safe. Therefore, they introduce many dewatering methods for controlling the ground water.These methods can be classified into two groups: Permanent exclusion of groundwater Temporary exclusion of groundwater Permanent Exclusion of Groundwater This c...
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Basement Construction

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Basement Construction In the general context of building a basement can be defined as a storey which is below the ground storey and is there for constructed below ground level.  Basements are common in tall buildings as car parks, storage of services and underground shopping centres. The term “basement” has been regarded as synonymous to the term “deep pit”, which applies to excavations over 4.5 m deep. The main purpose of constructing basements are:  to provide additional space,  as a form of buoyancy raft,  in some cases, basements may be needed for reducing net bearing pressure by the removal of the soil. Basement can be classified into three groups: Types of basement Basement can be constructed by following method: Open cut method. Cut and cover method. Top down method. Open Cut Method This is the simplest and most straight forward technique of providing an excavation to the required depth. The sides of the excavation are ...
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Bentonite Slurry

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Bentonite Slurry in Civil Engineering Bentonite is a controlled mixture of fullers earth and water which produces a slurry or mud which has thixotrapic properties(ie. as the material is placed under stress to flow). When placed in the borehole it exerts a pressure in excess of earth and hydro-static pressure present on side of excavation. This also finds its application in the construction of special foundations for digging diaphragm walls and bored piles. Bentonite is implemented for self-hardening mixtures which are then resorted to build cut off walls, grouting mortars, and grouting. Finally, bentonite waterproofing properties are best exploited in environmental engineering, to seal off soil infiltration, and line the base of landfills. Bentonite is a kind of clay which has an ability to swell and gel when it is dispersed in water. This is used in construction mainly in excavation and foundation works. Bentonite contains more than 85% clay mineral, montmorillonite, a...
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